Be Antibiotics Aware Partner Toolkit

• Antibiotics can save lives, but they aren't always the answer.
• Everyone can help improve antibiotic use.
• Any time antibiotics are used, they can cause side effects and can contribute to the development of drug resistance.
  • Drug resistance happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.
• Improving the way we take antibiotics helps keep us healthy now, helps fight drug resistance, and ensures that these life-saving medicines will be available for future generations.
• Getting recommended vaccines is one of the best ways to keep yourself and others healthy. Vaccines help prevent infections, reduce the need for antibiotics, and fight drug resistance.

Antibiotics do NOT treat infections caused by viruses

• Antibiotics only treat certain infections caused by bacteria.
• Antibiotics do NOT treat infections caused by viruses including respiratory illnesses such as the common cold or a chest cold.
• Antivirals, which are different from antibiotics, only treat some infections caused by viruses like flu.
• Antivirals work best when started early in the course of the illness.
• Visit a healthcare professional promptly if you are at high risk of getting very sick from flu.

Antibiotics are only needed to treat certain infections caused by bacteria

• Antibiotics are only needed to treat certain infections caused by bacteria (e.g., strep throat, whooping cough, and urinary tract infections).
• Some bacterial infections, such as many sinus infections and some ear infections, can get better without antibiotics.
• Talk to a healthcare professional if you develop severe diarrhea during or after taking an antibiotic. This could be a symptom of Clostridioides difficile (or C. diff) infection, a condition that requires immediate treatment.

• Take antibiotics ONLY when you need them.
• Avoid requesting antibiotics.
• Among patients who think they have a penicillin allergy, only 1 in 10 has a true penicillin allergy when evaluated.
  • If you or a family member may have a penicillin allergy, talk to a healthcare professional to assess whether you are truly allergic.

• Drug resistance happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.
  • That means the germs are not killed and continue to grow.
  • These germs can cause drug-resistant infections, which can be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat.
  • Drug-resistant infections can affect anyone, anywhere, and at any stage of life.
• Appropriate antibiotic and antifungal prescribing and use are important because any time these drugs are used, they can cause side effects and can contribute to the development of drug resistance.
• In the U.S., more than 2.8 million drug-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35,000 people die as a result.
  • When Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) is added to the annual U.S. death toll for all AR threats, the number jumps from 35,000 to 48,000 deaths.
    

Drug resistance means bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the antibiotics or antifungals designed to kill them

• Drug resistance does not mean the body is becoming resistant to antibiotics or antifungals; it means bacteria and fungi that live in and on our bodies develop the ability to defeat the antibiotics or antifungals designed to kill them.
• When bacteria become resistant, antibiotics cannot fight them, and the bacteria multiply.

• Drug-resistant germs can quickly spread across settings, including communities, the food supply, healthcare facilities, the environment (e.g., soil, water), and around the world. Drug resistance is a problem that impacts the health of people, animals, and the environment (soil, water).

Preventing infections and improving appropriate antibiotic and antifungal prescribing and use combat drug resistance

• Preventing infections from happening in the first place and improving appropriate antibiotic and antifungal prescribing and use are critical to combating drug resistance.
• There are simple actions we can all take – keeping cuts clean and covered, getting recommended vaccines, and handwashing – to prevent infections.

• Sepsis is the body's extreme response to an infection. It is a life-threatening medical emergency.
• Without treatment, sepsis can rapidly lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death.

• All healthcare professionals can Be Antibiotics Aware and engage in antibiotic stewardship activities to ensure that patients receive the best treatment for their illness.
  
• CDC has resources to support the implementation of antibiotic stewardship activities in all healthcare settings.
• Prescribing antibiotics only when needed helps keep patients healthy, fights antimicrobial resistance, and ensures these life-saving drugs will be available for future generations.

• When prescribing an antibiotic, optimize selection and use the shortest effective duration of therapy.
  • Each additional day that a patient is taking antibiotics increases their risk for adverse events.
  • Talk to your patients about common and more serious side effects that may occur while taking antibiotics, including C. diff infection.
• Ten percent of U.S. patients report having a penicillin allergy, but less than 1% of the population is truly allergic.
  • Often, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed for patients with a penicillin allergy label. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can be associated with higher costs, suboptimal treatment and increased threat of antimicrobial resistance.
  • When considering antibiotic therapy, evaluate your patient to determine whether they are truly allergic to penicillin.

• Anyone can get an infection, and almost any infection can lead to sepsis.
  • For patients with suspected sepsis, healthcare professionals should start treatment, including antibiotics, as soon as possible.
• Antibiotic stewardship programs are essential for ensuring antibiotics are used appropriately for all patients, including those with sepsis. By aligning antibiotic stewardship and sepsis programs, hospitals can improve patient outcomes and safety.
• Engagement of the antibiotic stewardship program is critical to optimize the treatment of sepsis by ensuring that:
  • Empiric antibiotic therapy is started as soon as possible for patients with suspected sepsis.
  • Antibiotic treatment recommendations are based on local microbiology data.
  • Mechanisms are in place to review antibiotics started for suspected sepsis so they are tailored based on the patient’s clinical condition and diagnostic testing results or stopped if unnecessary or treatment is complete.
    

Protect your patients

• Educate your patients and their caregivers about recognizing early signs and symptoms of worsening infection and sepsis.
  • Educate your patients on how to seek immediate care if sepsis signs and symptoms are present.

Remind your patients that antibiotics are only needed to treat certain infections caused by bacteria

• Remind your patients that antibiotics are only needed to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, and that antibiotics do not treat infections caused by viruses, including respiratory illnesses such as the common cold or a chest cold.
• Discuss with your patients how some bacterial infections, such as many sinus and some ear infections, can get better without antibiotics.
• Consider antivirals for the treatment of some viral infections like flu.
• Recommend ways to help patients feel better when antibiotics are not prescribed, and when to seek care if they don't feel better.
• Ensure your patients stay up to date on recommended vaccinations, including boosters.
  

Optimize the selection and duration of antibiotic therapy

Optimize the selection and duration of antibiotic therapy for common infections such as acute otitis media and acute sinusitis.

Optimize the use of diagnostic tests

• Optimize the use of diagnostic tests to improve the diagnosis and treatment of infections and limit the spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.
• Viruses are the most common cause of pharyngitis in all age groups. Ensure appropriate testing for Group A Streptococcus is done before starting antibiotic therapy for patients with pharyngitis.
• Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria should not be treated with antibiotics in most cases. Avoid unnecessary urine testing unless signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection are present.

Optimize the selection and duration of antibiotic therapy

• Ensure antibiotics are prescribed only when needed.
• Optimize the selection and duration of antibiotic therapy for common infections such as community-acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infections.
• Reassess antibiotic therapy to stop or tailor treatment based on the patient/resident's clinical condition and diagnostic test results.
• Using the shortest, effective duration of antibiotic therapy is a key antibiotic stewardship strategy. Optimizing duration of therapy, especially in care transitions, is an important target for improvement.

Optimize the use of diagnostic tests

• Optimize the use of diagnostic tests to improve the diagnosis and treatment of infections and limit the spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.
• Diagnostic stewardship can improve antibiotic use by reducing misdiagnosis of common infections, such as device-associated and C. difficile infections.
• Avoid unnecessary urine testing unless sign and symptoms of a urinary tract infection are present. Patients/residents with asymptomatic bacteriuria should not be treated with antibiotics in most cases.

Talk to your patients about when antibiotics are needed

Talk to your patients about when antibiotics are needed to treat their dental infection based on the ADA guidelines.

Optimize the selection and duration of antibiotic therapy

• Avoid prescribing clindamycin for dental infections when alternative options are available. Clindamycin may cause more frequent and severe adverse events (e.g., C. diff infection) compared to other antibiotics.
• Use the shortest effective antibiotic duration when treating otherwise healthy patients with dental infections.
• When prescribing antibiotics for dental prophylaxis, ensure concordance with the most recent guidelines from professional society organizations.
  • Educate patients about current recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis.

• Being antibiotics aware helps patients, caregivers, families, and healthcare professionals improve antibiotic prescribing and use. https://bit.ly/489yHuO
• Have a virus such as flu? You can feel better without antibiotics. Ask a healthcare professional about the best way to feel better while your body fights off the virus. https://bit.ly/489yHuO
• Parents/caregivers: Have a sick child? Antibiotics aren't always the answer. Use the right tool to help your child feel better. https://bit.ly/3Va4ffC
• Antibiotics are critical tools for treating certain infections, including those that can lead to sepsis. However, any time antibiotics are used, they can cause side effects and contribute to the development of drug resistance. Protect yourself from infections & preserve the power of antibiotics. https://bit.ly/4f7lyF2

• Healthcare Professionals: #BeAntibioticsAware by talking to your patients about why they don't need antibiotics for a viral infection. https://bit.ly/3NsXRep
• Healthcare Professionals: Protect your patients. When prescribing an antibiotic, optimize selection and use the shortest effective duration of therapy. https://bit.ly/3xJLOFv
• Healthcare Professionals: Talk to your patients about when antibiotics are and are not needed, and discuss possible side effects such as C. diff infection, allergic reactions, and drug-resistant infections. CDC has patient education resources to help. https://bit.ly/3NsXRep
• All healthcare professionals can #BeAntibioticsAware and engage in antibiotic stewardship activities to advance patient safety and improve outcomes. https://bit.ly/4nBmNk4

• Antibiotics do not treat infections caused by viruses, including respiratory illnesses such as the common cold or a chest cold. #BeAntibioticsAware https://bit.ly
• #BeAntibioticsAware = knowing that antibiotics aren't needed to treat many sinus infections and some ear infections. https://bit.ly/489yHuO
• When antibiotics are not needed but are used anyway, they won't help you feel better and can cause side effects. #BeAntibioticsAware https://bit.ly/4f8eube
• Anytime antibiotics are used, they can cause side effects and lead to the development of drug resistance. #BeAntibioticsAware. #AntimicrobialResistance https://bit.ly/4f7lyF2