Bixler D, Barker L, Lewis K, Peretz L, Teshale E. Prevalence and awareness of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: January 2017-March 2020. Hepatol Commun 2023;7.
Lewis KC, Barker LK, Jiles RB, Gupta N. Estimated prevalence and awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, January 2017-March 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2023;77:1413-1415.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance case definitions for current and historical conditions. Available at: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/. Accessed on June 25, 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Lesson 5: Public health surveillance. Appendix A. Characteristics of well-conducted surveillance. In: Dicker RC, Coronado F, Koo D, Parrish RG, eds. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Atlanta, Georgia, 2006.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. CSTE policy and position statement process. Available at: https://www.cste.org/page/PPSP. Accessed on January 17, 2020.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 11-ID-03: public health reporting and national notification for acute hepatitis B infections. Available at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/11-ID-03.pdf. Accessed on May 19, 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Integrated prevention services for HIV infection, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis for persons who use drugs illicitly: summary guidance from CDC and the US Department of Health & Human Services. MMWR Recomm Rep 2012;61:1-40.
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. HCV in key populations: men who have sex with men. Available at https://www.hcvguidelines.org/unique-populations/msm. Accessed August 4, 2020.
Martin TCS, Rauch A, Salazar-Vizcaya L, Martin NK. Understanding and addressing HCV reinfection among men who have sex with men. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2018;32:395-405.
National Commission on Correctional Health Care. Health status of soon-to-be-released inmates: a report to Congress. Washington D.C.; 2002.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) drug diversion planning and response toolkit for state and local health departments. Available at: https://www.cste.org/page/Drug-Diversion-Toolkit. Accessed on December 3, 2020.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Chapter 9: Hepatitis A. In: Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, eds. The Pink Book - Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 13th ed, 2015.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Chapter 10: Hepatitis B. In: Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, eds. The Pink Book - Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2015.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data security and confidentiality guidelines for HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted dieases, and tuberculosis programs: standards to facilitate sharing and use of surveillance data for public health action. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
Lee LM, Gostin LO. Ethical collection, storage, and use of public health data: a proposal for national privacy protection. JAMA 2009;302:82-84.
Lemon SM, Ott JJ, Van Damme P, Shouval D. Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. J Hepatol 2017;68:167-184.
Jacobsen KH. Globalization and the changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8:1-12.
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2006;55:1-23.
Ly KN, Klevens RM. Trends in disease and complications of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States, 1999-2011: a new concern for adults. J Infect Dis 2015;212:176-182.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A questions and answers for health professionals. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
Foster MA, Hofmeister MG, Albertson JP, et al. Hepatitis A Virus Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men — Eight U.S. States, 2017–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:875–878. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7024a2
Yin S, Barker L, Ly KN, Kilmer G, Foster MA, Drobeniuc J, Jiles RB. Susceptibility to hepatitis A virus infection in the United States, 2007-2016. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:e571-e579.
Foster MA, Hofmeister MG, Kupronis BA, Lin Y, Xia G-L, Yin S, Teshale EH. Increase in hepatitis A virus infections - United States, 2013-2018. MMWR Weekly 2019;68:413-415.
Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, Moore KL, Doshani M, Kamili S, Koneru A, et al. Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69:1-38.
Woods CR. False-positive results for immunoglobulin M serologic results: Explanations and examples. J Ped Infect Dis Soc 2013;2:87-90.
Adnan A, Ansari MQ, Cuthbert J. Multiple factors contribute to positive results for hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin M antibody. Achrives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 2013;137:90-95.
Hyun JJ, Seo YS, An H, Yim SY, Seo MH, Kim HS, Kim CH, et al. Optimal time for repeating the IgM anti-hepatitis A virus antibody test in acute hepatitis A patients with a negative initial test. The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2012;18:56-62.
Nelson NP, Link-Gelles R, Hofmeister MG, Romero JR, Moore KL, Ward JW, Schillie SF. Update: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis and for preexposure prophylaxis for international travel. MMWR Weekly 2018;67:1216-1220.
Kodani M, Schillie SF: Chapter 4: Hepatitis B. In: Roush S, Baldy LM, Kirkconnell Hall MA, eds. Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2020.
Bond WW, Favero MS, Petersen NJ, Gravelle CR, Ebert JW, Maynard JE. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet 1981;1:550-551.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine MMWR Weekly 1982;31:317-322, 327-328.
Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang K-M, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Brown RS, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 2018;67:1560-1599.
Conners EE, Panagiotakopoulos L, Hofmeister MG, Spradling PR, Hagan LM, Harris AM, Rogers-Brown JS, et al. Screening and testing for hepatitis B virus infection: CDC recommendations-United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023;72:1-25.
McMahon BJ, Alward WLM, Hall DB, Heyward WL, Bender TR, Francis DP, Maynard JE. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985;151:599-603.
Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol 2007;45:507–539.
Weng MK, Doshani M, Khan MA, Frey S, Ault K, Moore KL, Hall EW, et al. Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults Aged 19-59 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:477-483.
Said A, Nabil Z. An overview of occult hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:1927-1938.
Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, Nelson NP. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2018;67:1-31.
Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, Brink EW, Goldstein ST, Wang SA, Moyer LA, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep 2005;54:1-23.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 16-ID-06: Public health reporting and national notification of perinatal hepatitis B virus infection. Available at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/2016PS/16_ID_06.pdf. Accessed on May 1, 2020.
Myintm A, Tong MJ, Beaven SW. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus: a review of clinical guidelines. Clin Liver Dis 2020;15:162-167.
Bixler D, Annambholta P, Abara WE, Collier MG, Jones J, Mixson-Hayden T, Basavaraju SV, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus infections transmitted through organ transplantation investigated by CDC, United States, 2014-2017. Am J Transplant 2019;19:2570-2582.
Jones JM, Kracalik I, Levi ME, Bowman JS, Berger JJ, Bixler D, Buchacz K, et al. Assessing solid organ donors and monitoring transplant recipients for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection - US Public Health Service Guideline, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69:1-16.
Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Burrough AK. Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review. J Hepatol 2010;52:272-279.
Bixler D, Annambhotla P, Montgomery MP, Mixon-Hayden T, Kupronis B, Michaels MG, La Hoz RM, et al. Unexpected hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation-United States, 2014-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:961-966.
Abara WE, Collier M, Moorman AC. Characteristics of deceased solid organ donors and screening results for hepatitis B, C, and human immunodeficiency viruses-United States, 2010-2017. Am J Transplant 2019;19:939-947.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Tribal epidemiology toolkit — data linkage. Available at: https://www.cste.org/page/DataLinkage. Accessed on February 6, 2020.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee Prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: prenatal screening of all pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen MMWR Weekly 1988;37:341-346, 351.
Ye F, Yue Y, Li S, Chen T, Bai G, Liu M, Zhang S. Presence of HBsAg, HBcAg, and HBVDNA in ovary and ovum of the patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:387-392.
Yu MM, Gu XJ, Xia Y, Wang GJ, Kan NY, Jiang HX, Wu KH, et al. Relationship between HBV cccDNA expression in the human ovary and vertical transmission of HBV. Epidemiol Infect 2012;140:1454-1460.
Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, Hall AJ, Whittle HC. The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proc Biol Sci 1993;253:197-201.
Ko SC, Fan L, Smith EA, Fenlon N, Koneru AK, Murphy TV. Estimated annual perinatal hepatitis B virus infections in the United States, 2000-2009. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016;5:114-121.
Micallef JM, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepat 2006;13:34-41.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998;47:1-39.
McQuillan GM, Alter MJ, Moyer LA, Lambert SB, Margolis HS. A population based serologic study of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. In: Rizzetto M, Purcell RH, Gerin JL, Verme G, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Turin: Edizioni Minerva Medica; 1997. p. 267-270.
Paintsil E, Binka M, Patel A, Lindenbach BD, Heimer R. Hepatitis C virus maintains infectivity for weeks after drying on inanimate surfaces at room temperature: implications for risks of transmission. J Infect Dis 2014 209:1205-1211.
Zhou B, Cai GF, Lv HK, Xu SF, Wang ZT, Jiang ZG, Hu CG, Chen YD. Factors correlating to the development of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users-findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:2345-2361.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C questions and answers for the public. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/cfaq.htm. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
Busch MP, Shafer KA. Acute-phase hepatitis C virus infection: implications for research, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:959-961.
Maheshwari A, Ray S, Thuluvath PJ. Acute hepatitis C. Lancet 2008;372:321-332.
Lingala S, Ghany MG. Natural history of hepatitis C. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015 44:717–734.
Ryerson AB, Eheman CR, Altekruse SF, Ward JW, Jemal A, Sherman RL, Henley J, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2012, featuring the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Cancer 2016;122:1312-1337.
Benova L, Mohamoud YA, Calvert C, Abu-Raddad LJ. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:765-773.
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Available at https://www.hcvguidelines.org/. Accessed November 27, 2023.
Vachon M-L, Dieterich DT. The era of direct-acting antivirals has begun: the beginning of the end for HCV? Semin Liver Dis 2011;31:399-409.
Seifert LL, Perumpail RB, Ahmed A. Update on hepatitis C: direct-acting antivirals. World J Hepatol 2015;7:2829-2833.
Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults-United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69:1-17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C questions and answers for health professionals. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Testing for HCV infection: an update of guidance for clinicians and laboratorians. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:362-365.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interpretation of results of tests for hepatitis C virus infection and further actions. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/pdfs/hcv_graph.pdf. Accessed on January 17, 2020.
Cartwright EJ, Patel P, Kamili S, Wester C. Updated operational guidance for implementing CDC's recommendations on testing for hepatitis C virus infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:766-768.
Busch MP, Shafer KA. Acute-phase hepatitis C virus infection: implications for research, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:959-961.
Maheshwari A, Ray S, Thuluvath PJ. Acute hepatitis C. Lancet 2008;372:321-332.
El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Yeh C, Rabeneck L. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans. Hepatol 2002;36:1435-1445.
Gumber SC, Chopra S. Hepatitis C: a multifaceted disease. Review of extrahepatic manifestations. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:615-620.
Sherman AC, Sherman KE. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection: navigating CHASM. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015;12:353-361.
Tang L, Marcell L, Kottilil S. Systemic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Infect Agent Cancer 2016;11:29.
Falade-Nwulia O, Sulkowski MS, Merkow A, Latkin C, Mehta SH. Understanding and addressing hepatitis C reinfection in the oral direct acting antiviral era. J Viral Hepat 2018;25:220-227.
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: Recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C: initial treatment of adults with HCV infection. Available at https://www.hcvguidelines.org/treatment-naive. Accessed on February 5, 2020.
Wang JH, Gustafson SK, Skeans MA, Lake JR, Kim WR, Kasiske BL, Israni AK, Hart A. OPTN/SRTR 2018 annual data report: hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 2020;20:542–568.
Woolley AE, Singh SK, Goldberg HJ, Mallidi HR, Givertz MM, Mehra MR, Coppolino A, et al. Heart and lung transplants from HCV-infected donors to uninfected recipients. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1606-1617.
Patrick SW, Bauer AM, Warren MD, Jones TF, Wester C. Hepatitis C virus infection among women giving birth - Tennessee and United States, 2009-2014. MMWR Weekly 2017;66:470-473.
Koneru A, Nelson N, Hariri S, Canary L, Sanders KJ, Maxwell JF, Huang X, et al. Increased hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection in women of childbearing age and potential risk for vertical transmission - United States and Kentucky, 2011-2014. MMWR Weekly 2016;65:705-710.
Hofmeister MG, Klevens RM, Nelson NP: Chapter 3: Hepatitis A. In: Roush S, Baldy LM, Kirkconnell Hall MA, eds. Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2019.
National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. About HepTAC. Available at https://www.nastad.org/heptac. Accessed on February 6, 2020.
National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. Online Technical Assistance Platform. Available at: https://ontap.nastad.org/home/index.php. Accecssed on February 6, 2020.
Ortho's Vitros Immunodiagnostic Products. Instructions for use HBCon - HBsAg confirmatory kit. Ref 680 1324. Pub. No. GEM4201_US_EN. Version 12.0.